Category: ESRF

Synchrotron science uncovers the origins of lizards

Synchrotron science uncovers the origins of lizards

A tiny fossil from Devon has shed new light on the origins of lizards, thanks to advanced synchrotron imaging carried out at Diamond Light Source and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF).

Researchers from the University of Bristol have identified the fossil as the oldest known member of the lizard lineage, dating back 242 million years to the Middle Triassic, just before the rise of the dinosaurs. Their findings, published in Nature, reveal unexpected details about the early evolution of lizards, snakes, and their relative, the tuatara, a group collectively known as the Lepidosauria.

Lepidosaurs are today the most successful group of land vertebrates, with more than 12,000 living species. Scientists long assumed their earliest ancestors would share key features of modern lizards and snakes, such as hinged skulls and palatal teeth. However, the new fossil challenges those assumptions.

“The new fossil shows almost none of what we expected,” said Dan Marke, who led the project as part of his studies for the MSc in Palaeobiology at Bristol. “It has no teeth on the palate, and no sign of any hinging. It does though have the open temporal bar, so one out of three. Not only this but it possesses some spectacularly large teeth compared to its closest relatives.”

Professor Genoveva Burca, Principal Beamline Scientist of I12-JEEP, said: “We are pleased to contribute to the scientific understanding of this sample. The unique capabilities of the the beamline, including its large beam size and high energy, combined with our expertise in advanced imaging methods, underscore the crucial role that synchrotron light sources like Diamond play in advancing palaeontological research.”

Because the specimen’s skull measures only 1.5 cm, traditional CT scans could not resolve the fine details. To overcome this, the team turned to high-energy synchrotron X-ray imaging. Using two powerful beamlines, I12 at Diamond Light Source and one at ESRF, the researchers were able to produce exceptionally detailed 3D models of the skull without damaging the delicate fossil.

One of I12’s scientists, and co-author of the paper, Alexander Liptak, explained: “I12 was the only beamline at Diamond suitable for this experiment. The study required a large beam size and high beam energy to accommodate both the fossil’s dimensions and attenuation, as well as the necessary contrasting medium introduced to account for the fossil’s high aspect ratio. Furthermore, the high photon flux available at I12 enabled us to virtually ‘inspect the sample’ by performing rapid exploratory XCT acquisitions and partial reconstructions, which were used to directly inform the necessary positioning and resolution requirements for subsequent scans.”

Read more on Diamond website

Digging into the origin of lizards

Digging into the origin of lizards

A new fossil from Devon reveals what the oldest members of the lizard group looked like, and there are some surprises, according to a research team from the University of Bristol. The team teamed up with the ESRF to shed light on this exceptional 242-million-year-old fossil. The study is published in Nature.

Today, lizards and their relatives, such as snakes, together with the unique tuatara from New Zealand, are the most successful group of land vertebrates, with over 12,000 species – more than birds and more than mammals. But what is it about lizards, snakes and the tuatara, called collectively the Lepidosauria, that has made them so successful?

Surprising insights into lizard origins

It was always expected that the first lepidosaurs would have had some of the lizard characters such as a partially hinged skull, an open lower temporal bar, and abundant teeth on the roof of the mouth (palate). These are all features of modern lizards and snakes that enable them to manipulate large prey by opening their mouths super-wide (skull hinge) and use teeth on the palate to grasp wriggling small prey animals.

The lower temporal bar is essentially the cheek bone, a bony rod that runs between the cheek and the jaw hinge and is absent in lizards and snakes today. Snakes and many lizards have all these features, as well as some additional flexibility of the skull. Only the tuatara has a complete lower temporal bar, giving it an archaic look reminiscent of some of the earliest and ancestral reptiles; and it also has some large palatal teeth.

“The new fossil shows almost none of what we expected,” said Dan Marke, Master student in Palaeobiology at Bristol. “It has no teeth on the palate, and no sign of any hinging. It does, though, have the open temporal bar, so one out of three. Not only this, but it possesses some spectacularly large teeth compared to its closest relatives.”

Unlocking fossil secrets with synchrotron X-rays

“In modern palaeontological studies we often X-ray scan the fossils,” added Dr David Whiteside, from the University of Bristol. “But the exceptional resolution and quality of scans from synchrotron X-ray sources show us all the fine details and save any risk of damage.”

To study this tiny fossil from the Middle Triassic, the team came to the European Synchrotron (ESRF), to the new beamline BM18 dedicated to high sensitivity phase-contrast tomography in large and complex samples, where they teamed up with Vincent Fernandez, paleontologist at the ESRF. “This fossil is a good example of what makes a beamline like ESRF’s BM18 shine: the specimen itself is only a few centimetres in size, embedded in a large piece of rock, and it requires high-energy phase-contrast imaging — the flagship technique of BM18.” says Fernandez.

“When you look at the fossil, the whole skeleton sits in the palm of your hand,” explained Michael Benton, Professor of Vertebrate Paleontology in the School of Earth Sciences at the University of Bristol. “But after the scans and the hard work of our students cleaning up the scan data, we can see the most amazing detail. The new beast has relatively large triangular-shaped teeth and probably used these to pierce and shear the hard cuticles of its insect prey, pretty much as the tuatara does today.”

“The new animal is unlike anything yet discovered and has made us all think again about the evolution of the lizard, snakes and the tuatara,” said Dan Marke. “We had to give it a name to distinguish it from everything else, and we chose Agriodontosaurus helsbypetrae, quite a mouthful, meaning ‘fierce toothed lizard from the Helsby rock”, after the Helsby Sandstone Formation in which it was discovered.

Read more on ESRF website

ESRF celebrates five years of the Extremely Brilliant Source

ESRF celebrates five years of the Extremely Brilliant Source

On 25 August 2025, the ESRF marks five years since the Extremely Brilliant Source (ESRF-EBS), a revolutionary new high-energy synchrotron, began operation.

Opened to the international user community on 25 August 2020, following a major upgrade, ESRF-EBS has proven to be a game changer for science in Europe and beyond, enabling breakthroughs across a wide range of fields — from health and energy to materials research, environmental science, and cultural heritage. Its exceptional capabilities have empowered researchers to explore living matter and materials with a level of detail that was previously out of reach — helping to address some of our society’s most pressing challenges.

From whole organs to connectomics: advancing health research

In health research, the ESRF has pioneered a new X-ray imaging technique, Hierarchical Phase-Contrast Tomography (HiP-CT). With the support of a dedicated beamline, it allows scientists to image whole human organs in 3D, down to the cellular level. This has already helped shed light on lung damage caused by COVID-19 and is opening new paths for cancer diagnostics and understanding complex diseases. Supported by the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, the Human Organ Atlas project — led by ESRF and University College London — brings together over 50 research teams worldwide to build a global open-science atlas of healthy and diseased organs. More than 200 organs have been scanned, and nearly 200 open-access datasets are now available to researchers everywhere.

In connectomics, the ESRF hosts an ERC-funded project that has demonstrated a new approach to mapping neural circuits. Using X-ray nano-holotomography (XNH), researchers have reconstructed the networks controlling wing and leg movements in fruit flies. This technique, hundreds of times faster than traditional imaging methods, opens the door to large-scale mapping of brain connectivity. Future applications could include a full human connectome, especially when combined with other methods. A new nano-imaging beamline at ESRF’s ID18 is planned to accelerate this work and deepen our understanding of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. 

Supporting innovation and sustainability in energy, materials, and the environment

Other major research areas enabled by the exceptional performance of EBS include the development of new materials for sustainable energy and the circular economy. The ability to observe processes under in situ and operando conditions, from the atomic scale to full devices, is made possible by the highly penetrating nature of EBS X-rays. Through the European Battery Hub, the ESRF is enhancing collaboration with industry to support the development of safer, longer-lasting, and more sustainable battery technologies. In collaboration with BASF, a high-throughput X-ray screening service has been developed, capable of analysing over 3,000 cathode samples per hour. This significantly accelerates material screening, shortening development cycles and enabling faster innovation in battery design, all while leveraging the extraordinary volume of data collected using AI-based tools.

From a more fundamental perspective, the availability of nanometric, high-energy X-ray beams is opening new frontiers in geosciences and planetary science. These capabilities allow scientists to investigate materials under static pressures of several gigapascals — conditions found deep inside gas giant planets like Jupiter and Neptune, as well as in exoplanets. One ERC-funded project is using these capabilities to better understand Earth’s core by simultaneously probing the velocity and propagation of seismic waves through iron-rich materials under extreme conditions. 

In environmental science, ESRF-EBS is helping researchers understand how toxic elements such as cadmium behave in soil and plants. With EBS beam performances and the use of a new X-ray microscope, researchers can now map the distribution of cadmium and other elements with unprecedented resolution, and up to 20 times faster than before. This combination of speed and detail enables them to observe both the bigger picture and the finest-scale processes at the plant–soil interface, where crucial interactions take place. This knowledge is vital for improving food safety and soil remediation strategies.

Shedding light on the past: cultural heritage and palaeontology

In cultural heritage, ESRF-EBS recently welcomed one of the world’s most iconic instruments: Il Cannone, the 1743 violin famously played by Niccolò Paganini. Conservators and scientists joined forces to perform a non-invasive, high-resolution scan of the instrument, down to the cellular structure of the wood’s components. Such analysis sheds light on the craftsmanship, material ageing, and acoustic properties of historical instruments, guiding their conservation.

In paleontology, the same imaging techniques were used to scan the tiny fossilised skull of a 247-million-year-old reptile embedded in a rock, leading to the discovery of a new species and changing our understanding of reptile evolution.

A cutting-edge facility in high demand

Scientific results are already delivering on the promise of ESRF-EBS, opening new frontiers for knowledge. Demand from the research community is stronger than ever, with a record number of beamtime proposals and 10 ERC-funded projects based on EBS capabilities. In 2024, the ESRF produced 1,407 peer-reviewed publications — nearly 400 more than in previous years such as 2021 and 2022 — with a marked increase in articles published in high-impact journals. Each year, around 10,000 scientists carry out experiments across 46 beamlines. 

Achieving this milestone required an unprecedented scientific and engineering effort. In December 2018, after 26 years of loyal service, the ESRF shut down its original storage ring for 20 months. Teams took three months to dismantle the ESRF’s historic storage ring (disconnecting 200 km of cables and removing 1720 tons of equipment) and nine months to install the new machine in the 844 m-circumference tunnel. More than 10,000 components were aligned to within 50 microns — less than the width of a human hair — over nearly a kilometer. The first X-ray beam was delivered in January 2020, and the facility reopened to users on 25 August 2020, on schedule.

Read more on ESRF website

New bizarre Triassic reptile with a feather-like crest discovered

New bizarre Triassic reptile with a feather-like crest discovered

A new species of early reptile from the Triassic period has been discovered, with unique structures growing from its skin that formed an alternative to feathers. This ‘wonder‘ fossil changes our understanding of reptile evolution. The team of scientists, led by the State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, published the description of the new species in the journal Nature. The skull of the reptile was scanned at the new beamline BM18.

The 247-million-year-old reptile is called Mirasaura grauvogeli, which means ‘Grauvogel’s Wonder Reptile’, in honour of the fossil collector who found it, Louis Grauvogel. The fossil was found in the 1930s in Alsace (France) and transferred to the State Museum of Natural History in Stuttgart in 2019. The bizarre creature shows characteristics from reptiles but presents a dorsal crest with previously unknown, structurally complex appendages growing from its skin, with some similarities to feathers.

The crest was probably used for display to other members of the same species. The finding shows that complex skin structures are not only found in birds and their closest relatives but may predate modern reptiles. This discovery changes our understanding of reptile evolution. “At first scientists were puzzled about the crest, but after preparation, a reptile skull was revealed. We can now safely say that is a new species from a very strange group reptiles called drepanosaurs”, explains palaeontologist Stephan Spiekman, first author of the study, from the State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Germany.

In order to analyse the specimen, which was a few centimetres in length and less than 0.5 millimetres in width, the team came to the ESRF’s new experimental station BM18. There, they scanned the skull using X-ray tomography, which revealed a bird-like shape with a narrow, mostly toothless snout, large forward-facing eye sockets and a large, domed skull. Kathleen Dollman, scientist at the ESRF and co-author of the publication, says: “The fossil is incredible and showed these feather-like structures beautifully. I knew that imaging such fine details was going to be challenging, but when we started to see the first images on BM18 I knew that we had found something special”.

Spiekman adds: “Without the ESRF we could not have been able to do the reconstruction of the skull, because the fossil is so small that it is incredibly difficult to scan – it took me four months of working on the data to get the full reconstruction!”. This is the first Nature publication stemming from research carried out at the new BM18 beamline.

With the findings, the team hypothesized that the snout was probably used to extract insects from narrow tree holes, the big forward-facing eyes are typical of animal living in trees and the domed skull shows a fontanelle, which indicates that the specimen was very young when it died. It also had teeth in the roof of the mouth, as many different groups of extinct reptiles do.

Not hairs, not feathers, but something similar

Body coverings such as hair and feathers have played a central role in evolution. They enabled warm- bloodedness by insulating the body, and were used for courtship, display, deterrence of enemies and, in the case of feathers, flight. Their structure in mammals and birds is characterised by longer and more complex skin outgrowths that differ significantly from the simple and flat scales of reptiles.

The crest of Mirasaura consists of individual, densely overlapping appendages that each possess a feather-like contour with a narrow central ridge. While real feathers consist of many delicate branched structures called barbs, there is no evidence of such branching in the appendages of Mirasaura. Because of this, the team believes that the structure of the complex, unique skin appendages of Mirasaura evolved largely independently of those of birds.

Read more on ESRF website

Splitting of x-rays creates new polaritons

Splitting of x-rays creates new polaritons

ESRF scientists have worked with colleagues from Germany and Finland to observe the signature of “polaritons” in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) for the first time. Generated via splitting X-ray photons in two, these part-light, part-matter quasi-particles could be exploited for high-resolution imaging, quantum optics and EUV lithography of microchips. The results are published in Nature Communications.

Upon encountering matter, photons begin to interact – often being absorbed and re-emitted by electrons en route through a material. This interaction generates a hybrid particle known as a polariton, a part-light, part-matter excitation that exists only as long as the photon and electron are intertwined. That means polaritons are difficult to detect, because only their faint signatures remain imprinted on the photons once they leave the material behind.

To strengthen the light–matter interaction and thereby enhance these polariton signatures, scientists usually have to craft finely mirrored cavities, which act like photon echo chambers. This works well for visible and infrared photons, but fabricating cavities small enough for ultraviolet or X-ray photons is notoriously tricky.

Now, a collaboration between scientists at the ESRF, the German synchrotron DESY, the University of Hamburg and the University of Helsinki has used a completely different approach to detect the signature of an EUV polariton unambiguously for the first time.  “A few groups have seen indications previously, but this here is the first smoking-gun type of evidence,” says Christoph Sahle, the scientist in charge of the ESRF’s ID20 beamline.

The experimental team opted to generate polaritons from X-ray photons in a bulk piece of pure diamond. This means there was no tailor-made cavity – they didn’t need one. Instead, they relied on another light–matter phenomenon known as parametric down-conversion (PDC), in which an incoming photon splits spontaneously into two new photons of lower energy – here, one in the X-ray regime, and one in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV). The trick of X-ray PDC means that the X-ray photon leaving the diamond acts as a messenger, carrying the information about the EUV polariton which would otherwise have been lost.

Next, the researchers needed to map in high resolution the relationship between the energy and momentum of the emerging X-ray light leaving the diamond. Using ID20’s X-ray Raman spectrometer in a novel detection mode, they were able to resolve a two-fold X-ray modulation mirroring the behaviour of the EUV partner photon – the tell-tale imprint of polaritons at work.

“ID20 was the perfect beamline to detect the EUV polariton,” says DESY’s Christina Boemer, the leader of the experimental team. “It has world-leading capabilities when it comes to instrumentation for high-resolution scattering, and still offered all the flexibility we needed to explore our new detection scheme. It was a team effort, and without the exceptional support from Christoph and his colleagues at ID20, this discovery couldn’t have been made.”

The ESRF experiment brings polariton physics into the EUV domain. Scientists will be keen to explore this new quantum playground, and find out whether light interacts with matter in different ways to how it does at lower energies. There may be practical applications, too. EUV polaritons could act as deep probes of the electronic and structural properties of materials. Further ahead, they could even be used to modify structures at nanometer scales for ultra-precise manufacturing or EUV-lithography.

Read more on ESRF website

Human Organ Atlas Hub co-chair wins the Lennart Nilsson Prize

Human Organ Atlas Hub co-chair wins the Lennart Nilsson Prize

ESRF user and Human Organ Atlas Hub co-chair Professor Maximilian  Ackermann, from the RWTH University Aachen, University Mainz and Helios University Clinics Wuppertal, has been awarded the Lennart Nilsson Prize 2025 by the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm for his artistic images of human anatomy and pathology using notably the technique of Hierarchical Phase-Contrast Tomography (HiP-CT) at the ESRF, the European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France.

The Lennart Nilsson Prize, one of the world’s most prestigious awards in the field of scientific photography, recognises Ackermann’s achievements in the use of novel, unique high-resolution imaging techniques, and especially the use of Hierarchical Phase-Contrast Tomography (HiP-CT), developed at the ESRF, as well as his artistic view of the human anatomy and its pathological changes.

A pathologist at the University Hospital RWTH Aachen and Helios University Clinics Wuppertal and anatomist at the University Mainz, Ackermann is also co-chair of the Human Organ Atlas hub, where scientists and clinicians use HiP-CT technique at the European Synchrotron (ESRF) to provide valuable insights into human anatomy and diseases such as Covid-19, pulmonary fibrosis and cancer. A compendium of his artistic renderings of the human anatomy and numerous diseases can be found on the website PATHart.org.

The Human Organ Atlas Hub (HOAHub) is an international interdisciplinary scientific collaboration led by University College London (UCL) and the European Synchrotron (ESRF), with the University Medical Center Mainz, and the University Hospital RWTH Aachen. Funded by the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, it aims to create a physical and virtual Hub that uses a novel technique developed at the ESRF, HiP-CT, to scan whole human organs with local cellular resolution, producing a “Human Organ Atlas in Health, Ageing and Disease“.

Read more on ESRF website

Image: The coloured scanning electron micrograph of a human lung with COVID19 infection shows numerous alveoli with inflammatory cells (yellow), hemorrhages (red) and hyaline membranes (blue).

 Credit: M. Ackermann

Nanoburgers with promising flaws

Nanoburgers with promising flaws

Publication in ACS Nano: DESY team finds surprising defects in tiny metal particles which could stimulate the development of more efficient catalysts

Catalysts are indispensable in many industries: they speed up chemical reactions, making them economically viable. They often consist of tiny particles, just a few nanometres across, to which molecules attach themselves, making it easier for them to form a bond with another reagent. The catalysts themselves are left unchanged. One class of nanocatalysts consists of the precious metals platinum and rhodium and is used, for example, in the purification of waste gases, in hydrogen production and in fuel cells.

The team led by DESY physicist Andreas Stierle has been studying such platinum-rhodium catalysts for quite some time. However, when they analysed the particles again using X-rays, they were surprised to find that some of the nanoparticles are not tiny, homogeneous lumps but consist of an upper and a lower half – like the two halves of a burger bun. Although the two halves are stuck together, the nature of this bond and how it affects the catalytic properties of the nanoparticles was unclear.

To work this out, Stierle’s team designed an experiment at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility ESRF in Grenoble. ‘It produces an extremely narrow X-ray beam that can be used to study individual nanoparticles,’ explains Stierle. Specifically, the researchers used a method known as Bragg Coherent Diffraction Imaging (BCDI), in which the X-ray beam creates a special diffraction pattern as it passes through the nanoparticle, and this is recorded by a detector. ‘Special algorithms can then be used to reconstruct how the atoms are arranged in the crystal lattice and where they deviate from the regular structure – distortions, defects and dislocations in the crystal lattice,’ explains Ivan Vartanyants, who supervised the reconstructions.

What made their experiment different was that the measurements were performed while the nanocatalysts were active. The group directed a stream of carbon monoxide and oxygen to pass over the nanoparticles, on whose surface the gas was converted into CO2 – at temperatures of more than 400 degrees Celsius. ‘These experiments were extremely difficult; we had to keep the nanoparticles fixed to within ten nanometres so that the X-ray beam always illuminated the entire particle,’ explains first author Lydia Bachmann, who is studying this topic as part of her PhD. ‘To do this, we had to make sure that the conditions were absolutely steady.’

The outcome was unexpected: the experts discovered pronounced crystal defects where the upper and lower halves of the nanoburgers meet. The two boundary surfaces did not fit perfectly on top of each other; atoms were missing around the outer edges. These gaps cause all the atoms in the vicinity to shift, significantly distorting and displacing the crystal lattice.

What was truly remarkable was that these ‘flaws’ had an extremely positive effect on the catalytic properties of the nanoburgers. ‘The defects serve as unique absorption sites for molecules,’ explains co-author Thomas Keller. ‘Molecules such as oxygen adhere very well to them, which increases the effectiveness of the catalyst.’ In the future, these findings could help industry to develop more efficient and effective catalysts – through deliberate ‘defect engineering’ to create as many binding sites as possible on the nanoparticles, where molecules can be converted.

Read more on DESY website

Image: The Nano-Burger in action: The two ‘halves‘ of the platinum-rhodium catalyst interact with reagents in this simulation.

Credit: Science Communication Lab for DESY

A hidden form of rare earth element cerium identified in fossil fish bones under the sea

A hidden form of rare earth element cerium identified in fossil fish bones under the sea

Rare earth elements and yttrium (REY) are essential to modern technologies, yet we know little about how they concentrate at the Earth’s surface, particularly in marine sediments, which hold vast reserves.

REY are enriched in deep-sea mud by several billion times compared to seawater, and, from a fundamental perspective, determining the chemical forms of REY is critical to understanding one of the highest levels of metal partitioning on Earth. 

The sedimentary component hosting REY consists of biogenic and authigenic fluorapatite (FAp, Ca5(PO4)3F). When fish die, their bones and teeth accumulate on the seafloor, allowing biogenic FAp to adsorb REY from seawater and pore fluids over extensive periods, ranging from hundreds of thousands to millions of years, during the diagenesis process. Until now, scientists thought cerium just replaced calcium atoms in the bone structure. However, scientists led by the ESRF have found otherwise.

ESRF scientist Alain Manceau and his team, in the framework of his ERC Advanced Grant Deep-SEE, analysed several tens of fossil bones and teeth handpicked at 1.94 and 4.70 meters depth below the seafloor in a sediment core (16GC) collected in the Pacific Ocean’s Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone. They found that cerium actually forms a completely different local structure within the fish remains, separate from that of calcium. This structure is a new kind of cerium-phosphate compound precipitated in an amorphous phase at the surface of FAp nanocrystals.

The team used the techniques of X-ray fluorescence mapping, to see the location of cerium, and high-energy-resolution fluorescence-detected X-ray absorption spectroscopy (HERFD-XAS), to track how the cerium atoms bond to other atoms nearby, in the newly built ID24-DCM.

Read more on ESRF website

The role of methanol in large icy moons uncovered

The role of methanol in large icy moons uncovered

Scientists led by the ESRF find that the volatile compound methanol in icy moons gets trapped in hydrates at high pressure and low temperature. This finding is crucial for understanding evolution of subsurface oceans and interpreting data delivered by current and future space missions. The results are out in Earth and Planetary Science Letters.

Icy moons orbiting Jupiter and Saturn are some of the most intriguing bodies in our Solar System, as several of them are known to host liquid oceans beneath their frozen surfaces. Besides the Earth, these are the only places in the Universe, where the presence of liquid water has been confirmed. Subsurface oceans are the prime targets in search for extraterrestrial life and are central to several ongoing and upcoming space missions. Already launched ESA’s JUICE and NASA’s Europa Clipper missions will start exploration of Jupiter’s moons Europa, Ganymede and Callisto in less than a decade, while NASA’s rotorcraft Dragonfly will start its journey to Saturn’s moon Titan in 2028.

One of the most striking features of these icy moons is the size of their hydrospheres. For example, the largest moon Ganymede is believed to have ~1000 km deep hydrosphere, resulting in pressures at its base that are around 17 times higher than in the Earth’s ocean. Such high pressures can cause crystallization of the oceans at the bottoms. While many organic volatile compounds are expected to be present in the interior of icy moons, their fate at high pressures remains poorly understood.

Methanol, CH3OH, is a volatile of particular interest due to due to its expected abundance and debated role in ocean crystallization. Typically, it is considered as a powerful antifreeze agent that inhibits formation of ice and hydrates and contributes to long-term survival of the subsurface oceans. However, recent studies suggested that in chemically complex environments and in presence of promoters, small amounts of methanol can be incorporated in hydrate structures at low temperatures.

Now scientists led by the ESRF and in collaboration with the Laboratory of Planetology and Geosciences in Nantes (France), the University of Washington – Seattle (USA) and the University of Bayreuth (Germany) and have studied the fate of methanol in large icy moons. The team used high-pressure, low temperature, in situ single crystal X-ray diffraction on beamline ID15b.

“Our experiments show that, at high pressure, large amounts of methanol can be stored in hydrates that serve as a storage of methanol over geological timescales”, explains Anna Pakhomova, lead author and scientist at the ESRF.

Read more on ESRF website

Protein pH is key for improving texture in meat alternatives

Protein pH is key for improving texture in meat alternatives

Researchers have found that the pH of proteins significantly influences the texture of plant-based meat, in a multidisciplinary study where the ESRF has taken part. The results are out now in Food Hydrocolloids.

Consumption of meat, especially of red meat, represents a significant share of the global greenhouse emissions, in particular CO2, methane and nitrous oxide. Per kilo, beef generates 99.48 kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions, according to a Science publication from the University of Oxford.

Consequently, a plant-based diet is starting to take a prominent place in western countries. However, trying to mimic the desired textural properties typical of the hierarchical structure of fibers in animal meat has proven to be a challenge.

Today, manufacturers use high-moisture extrusion (HME) to recreate the right texture from plant proteins, such as soy or pea. During HME, proteins go under hydration, heat and shear, and this causes molecular changes that lead to anisotropic (directionally aligned) structures.

Recently, scientists have focused on alkalinization and acidification of water used during extrusion to control protein structure and texture, a process called protein pH-shifting.

Now a team led by the Wageningen University and in collaboration with food manufacturing company Unilever, TU Delft, the ESRF and ISIS, has investigated how pH-shifting during the HME of a soy protein concentrate affects the material’s structure across different scales, from nanometers to millimeters.

They used a multidisciplinary approach, which included Small Angle X-ray Scattering, carried out at the ESRF, and Small Angle Neutron Scattering at ISIS, to look into the nanoscale properties and magnetic resonance imaging and diffuse reflectance for the macroscale structure. “The multiscale nature of meat alternatives makes it necessary to use different methods, SAXS being one of the critical methods here”, explains John van Duynhoven, professor at Wageningen University,   senior scientist at Unilever and co-corresponding author of the publication.

At the ESRF’s ID02, they analysed how protein nano-aggregates change in size and structure depending on pH conditions during extrusion. They found that depending on pH levels, the aggregates further organize in particulate or fibrillar networks.

Read more on ESRF website

Clay emerges as a natural semiconductor

Clay emerges as a natural semiconductor

Vermiculite, a natural occurring clay mineral, can be a 2D wide band-gap semiconductor with unique electronic and magnetic properties, according to a study partially carried out at the ESRF and which is out now in the journal npj 2D Materials and Applications. The work at the ESRF focused on deciphering the structure of vermiculite, ensuring that it retained the features of semiconductors at the atomic level.

Vermiculite has long been used in insulation, construction, and environmental applications (like water purification and CO₂ capture); however, it had never been explored as a material for nanoelectronics or spintronics.

Now a team led by NTNU, in collaboration with the ESRF’s BM01, has successfully found that it can function as a 2D semiconductor. “Quantum technology is often associated with synthetic materials that have been developed in advanced, completely clean environments,” says Professor Jon Otto Fossum from NTNU’s Department of Physics. “We have found a naturally occurring clay material with sought-after properties for use in quantum technology,” he adds.

Scientists looked into exfoliating the material, because it has a layered structure and resembles that of graphite, which is used to make graphene. Until now, no one had explored it as a 2D material since it is very difficult to delaminate.

With help of in-situ diffraction experiments, the researchers established the way to reduce the material to a few atomic layers and discovered that its exfoliated form reveals semiconducting and antiferromagnetic properties. Nanosheets also have a high surface to volume ratio, which makes it interact more with light or electric fields. Due to their size, nanosheets can be integrated into thin films.

Dmitry Chernyshov, scientist in charge of BM01, explains the importance of this single-layered form: “The discovery of an antiferromagnetic ground state of vermiculite was only possible with its exfoliated form; it opens a route towards potential applications that would also require single nanosheets of this layered material”.

600 million tons of vermiculite

The exfoliation procedure was carried out at NTNU and optimized in three consecutive experiments at BM01, where synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments solved the structural characterization of this clay and helped to establish a technology protocol in-situ to make its functional exfoliated form.

Unlike synthetic semiconductors, vermiculite is widely available, inexpensive and environmentally friendly, with global reserves estimated at 600 million tons. “Because of these features, it could help create sustainable, scalable materials for nanoelectronics and quantum technologies”, concludes Barabara Pacáková, the first author of the paper.

Read more on ESRF website

Scientists unveil the mechanism of light-sensing proteins that regulate internal clock

Scientists unveil the mechanism of light-sensing proteins that regulate internal clock

Scientists have unveiled the mechanism by which proteins that regulate the circadian rhythm, called cryptochromes, trigger light signaling. They used the TR-icOS instrument at the ESRF for spectroscopic characterization of the crystals. The results are out in Science Advances.

Cryptochromes are light-sensitive proteins found in all living things, including plants and animals. They help living things keep time with day and night by controlling internal clocks and responses to light. They are important for things like sleep cycles, plant growth, and possibly even sensing Earth’s magnetic field.

Until now, scientists knew that cryptochromes function by absorbing blue light, which triggers structural changes in the protein. This activates interactions with other cellular proteins, influencing gene expression and biological rhythms. However, the mechanism by which cryptochromes manifest this light-sensing ability remained unclear.

A team led by Manuel Maestre-Reyna at the National Taiwan University has now filmed a high-resolution, 3D molecular movie of a cryptochrome in action.

To achieve that, the team used time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography (TR-SFX) at Spring-8 Angstrom Compact X-ray Free Electron Laser in Japan initially. They collected nineteen individual “frames” spanning from 10 nanoseconds to 233 milliseconds after illumination to put together the final movie.

TR-icOS completes the picture

They then used transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) at the TR-icOS instrument at the ESRF. Maestre-Reyna explains the importance of these experiments at the ESRF: “The role of the ESRF, and in particular of TR-icOS, was crucial. Without in crystallo TAS experiments, that currently can only be performed at TR-icOS, the biological relevance of our results would be highly questionable. Furthermore, TRX can only detect structural changes, and is limited by the data quality in its ability to do so. In other words, chemical transformations that imply only very subtle structural changes, such as electron transfer, cannot be easily tracked by TRX. On the contrary, TAS can very easily detect such electronic reconfigurations, which change protein colour. Only by combining the two was it possible to fully understand the molecular mechanism of electron-transfer based signaling of cryptochromes”.

The experiments resulted in an ultra-slow motion, atomic resolution film that explains how the cryptochrome protein amplifies the subtle photochemical signal, which then snowballs into dramatic structural changes. The process is coordinated by the protein, with three molecular regions acting in unison to accomplish sensing.

Specifically, during the initial photochemical change, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), a special light-gathering moiety within the protein, used the energy of blue light to capture an electron from the cryptochrome itself, inducing a highly unstable radical pair (RP) state. Early on, the protein attempts to stabilize this short-lived species by modulating its immediate environment. These local changes cascade over time, until, by about 100 milliseconds after RP formation, entire regions of the protein unfold like a ribbon, signaling that cryptochrome has sensed light.

Understanding sleep disorders

The results of this study provide a detailed description of the molecular basis of cryptochrome function, which can be relevant in research related to circadian rhythm, such as that focused on sleep disorders.

For example, recent studies have linked mutations in human cryptochrome 2 (CRY2) to Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder (ASPD). This disorder is characterized by disruption of the circadian rhythm, as patients fall asleep by 7 pm, but wake up at ~2 am, and it is not treatable with melatonin nor other effective therapeutics.

“Whilst our research is very fundamental, we hope that by delineating the structural principles of cryptochrome we can maybe lead to new drug design for the modulation of CRY2”, concludes Maestre-Reyna.

Read more on ESRF website

Industrial clients at ESRF fast-track drug discovery

Industrial clients at ESRF fast-track drug discovery

Researchers from the company Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd have rapidly optimized a weak hit compound against SARS-CoV-2 to increase its potency by 1000-fold. They used artificial intelligence, computational chemistry, high throughput chemistry and structural biology at the ESRF. The results are out in Journal of Medicinal Chemistry and show the strong collaboration between the ESRF and industry.

It all started with a molecule that bound weakly to the SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19. “About two year ago, we had identified this molecule, a diazepane scaffold, through artificial intelligence and computational screening and thought we would investigate further”, explains Julien Hazemann, first author of the publication and former researcher at Idorsia. The compound could potentially inhibit the virus’s main protease (Mpro)—a critical enzyme for viral replication.

In order to increase the efficiency of the molecule, so that it would bind to Mpro, the team from Idorsia used computational simulations, high-throughput chemistry and structural biology at the ESRF in collaboration with the company Expose GmbH. This approach, called hit-to-lead optimisation, has been used in antiviral drug discovery in the last ten years, but it is the first time that the techniques were integrated in such a tight and effective way in a global effort.  

First, the researchers employed computational docking and molecular dynamics simulations to predict how structural changes to the molecule might improve binding to Mpro.

Using high-throughput medicinal chemistry, they synthesized and tested a focused library of analogues. These steps led to a dramatic improvement of the original compound to a nearly 1,000-fold increase in potency.

However, predicting how a molecule behaves computationally was only one piece of the puzzle. Throughout the process, the researchers came to the ESRF’s macromolecular crystallography beamline ID23-1 to collect high-resolution X-ray diffraction data of the Mpro–inhibitor complexes. They were able to visualise how the inhibitor binds within the active site of the protease. “The ESRF has been crucial in this research, from the beginning, when we scanned the candidate compound, to the end, when we saw how the action takes place”, explains Daniel Ritz, senior director of biology at Idorsia.

One of the features of this study is the small number of compounds they needed, thanks to the highly targeted methodology the scientists used.

Read more on ESRF website

Catalyst Degradation Mechanisms in CO₂ Electrolysers

Catalyst Degradation Mechanisms in CO₂ Electrolysers

A new suite of operando X-ray techniques enables scientists to track the evolution of elemental and structural changes associated with catalyst and electrode degradation in carbon dioxide electrolysers in an unprecedented manner, all at once, thanks to a collaboration between Technical University of Denmark (DTU), the ESRF and the electrolyser company Twelve.

Converting carbon dioxide (CO₂) into valuable chemicals through electrolysis offers a promising way to make use of excess CO₂ emissions from industrial processes. Among the various technologies being explored, membrane–electrode assembly (MEA)-based systems stand out for their efficiency and scalability, making them strong candidates for future industrial applications to make artificial fuels or CO₂-to-CO conversion. However, MEAs’ long-term stability remains a key challenge, and the degradation mechanisms of catalysts and electrodes in MEAs are not yet understood.

So far, researchers have achieved CO production at current densities over 1 A/cm² and device stability lasting more than 3,000 hours. These advances are fueling commercial interest—but also highlight a new challenge: long-term testing under standard conditions is too slow to support fast development. “The performance of a CO₂ electrolysis can be determined in an hour, but 100s of hours are now needed for stability analysis.  The lack of a more efficient durability testing procedure is hampering our ability to most effectively use R&D resources”, says Brian Seger, professor at DTU and co-corresponding author of the publication. And first author Qiucheng Xu adds: “We need accelerated methods to mimic long-term operation and gain similar insights in a shorter timeframe.”

New characterization platform

The team from DTU, Twelve and the ESRF have now set up a new synchrotron X-ray characterization platform to track the time- and space-resolved evolution of ions and water movement, crystal structure, and catalyst variations in MEAs during accelerated testing. “This challenging problem must be tackled from various perspectives. We have developed a strong combination of operando X-ray techniques and chemical analyses, which can reveal the true complexity of the degradation mechanisms”, says Jakub Drnec, scientist in charge of beamline ID31, where the new suite of techniques take place, and co-corresponding author of the publication.

Specifically, they use Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques on beamline ID31, all at once. The combined analysis of WAXS and SAXS enables the observation of the dynamic evolution of catalyst particle, allowing for differentiation between particle ripening and agglomeration. The inclusion of XRF facilitates monitoring of the cation distribution, which provides insight into whether cation concentration contributes to device operation and degradation.

The combination of these three techniques allows the researchers to more accurately isolate key physical phenomena, thereby bridging the gap between fundamental science and practical applications.

The team used gold and silver nanoparticle catalysts to test their new methodology. The results show that catalyst crystalline phase stability and nanoparticles-substrate adhesion strength are the key factors governing catalyst durability during CO₂ electrolysis.

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Bioinspired controlled crystallisation: Towards sustainable artificial coral reefs

Bioinspired controlled crystallisation: Towards sustainable artificial coral reefs

Inspired by nature, scientists have replicated some aspects of the biomineralisation process used by marine organisms like corals, enabling them to control crystal phases in materials. This advancement could lead, among others, to artificial coral reefs that seamlessly integrate into marine environments without disrupting the ecosystem. Their results are out in Advanced Functional Materials.

Artificial coral reefs are often made of concrete or steel to provide stable structures for a marine habitat. However, they can also foster biofilm formation, promoting bacterial growth that may influence water chemistry.

Now a team led by Boaz Pokroy at Technion Israel Institute of Technology is working on artificial coral reefs that are as close to their natural counterparts as possible by reproducing the biomineralisation process typical of coral reefs and other marine organisms.

“For many years, we’ve extensively studied many marine organisms, such as the coralline alga Jania sp., sea urchins, starfish or brittle stars, and have unveiled the steps these organisms take to create a super hard skeleton through the process of biomineralisation”, explains Pokroy.

The natural process of biomineralisation starts as an amorphous phase before transforming into crystalline stable structures.

A key player in in this process is amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), a precursor that can crystallise into different forms of calcium carbonate, including calcite, aragonite, and vaterite. The stability of ACC is influenced, among other factors, by impurities like magnesium, which affects the final crystal structure and properties. Traditionally, controlling this transformation required chemical additives and environmental adjustments.

Pokroy and his team used lasers to selectively transform ACC into different mineral phases. Laser power, scanning speed and the composition of the substrate are factors that affect the process of formation of distinct crystalline phases.

As the next step, the powders were analysed using synchrotron high-resolution powder X-ray diffraction (HR-PXRD) to identify the phases formed. “The experiments on beamline ID22 at the ESRF were crucial to characterise the different phases and track the impurities in the sample”, explains Hadar Shaked, scientist at Technion and first author of the publication. “With EBS providing higher flux, we were able to scan hundreds of samples in a very short time”, adds Pokroy.

Engineering bio-inspired materials

This method represents a significant advancement in bio-inspired material science, offering a way to engineer complex mineral structures with the same spatial accuracy seen in biological systems. “Whilst crystallisation from an amorphous phase was already possible through heating, it is the first time that we have full control of the process, which is key in engineering new structures as we wish”, says Shaked.

Dubbed ‘writing crystallography’, this approach opens exciting possibilities not only for artificial coral reefs but also for advanced additive manufacturing, semiconductors or single-layer patterning, where precise phase control is essential.

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How an old drug could make a comeback against antibiotic resistance

How an old drug could make a comeback against antibiotic resistance

In the quest for solutions to modern antibiotic resistance, researchers at Goethe University Hospital in Frankfurt, together with their colleagues from European Synchrotron, the ESRF (Grenoble, France) and the EMBL Heidelberg are turning back to the past—and finding hope in an old, often-overlooked drug. Using X-ray nanofluorescence at the ESRF, they have uncovered how the rarely used antibiotic nitroxoline can fight back against drug-resistant bacteria. Their findings, published in Nature Communications, could spark renewed medical interest in the forgotten drug as a potential weapon against hard-to-treat infections.

Five years ago at Goethe University Hospital in Frankfurt, a patient in the intensive care unit was battling with a stubborn urinary tract infection. Despite multiple rounds of antibiotics, nothing seemed to make a difference. Then, as a last resort, doctors turned to an old drug from the 1960s—nitroxoline, typically reserved for uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs). To their surprise, it worked.

Doctor and researcher Stephan Göttig was investigating this drug. “I realised that the potential of nitroxoline is huge towards multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, so we started studying its spectrum and mechanism”, he explains.

Targeting hospital pathogens

Nitroxoline is only used in a handful of countries today, after the rise of newer antibiotics and lack of clinical research. In Germany, where Göttig and the first author of the paper, Elisabetta Cacace were based (Cacace has now moved to ETH Zurich), it is an approved drug and it is still commonly prescribed for uncomplicated UTIs. However, it is not included in the WHO’s essential medicines list nor is it FDA approved in the US. “New pharmaceutical compounds are difficult to market, so it is useful to repurpose existing antibiotics”, explains Cacace.

Göttig and Cacace investigated more than a thousand isolates of different Gram-negative bacteria that nitroxoline could potentially fight against. Gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane that can block many antibiotics and even some immune system components. They focused on Enterobacteriaceae, a group of bacteria that includes notorious hospital pathogens such as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli.

Read more on ESRF website